Nanotechnology refers to the manipulation of substances on the atomic and molecular level. Liposomes are small encapsulating bubbles that are microscopic in size, made of materials called phospholipids that mimic human cells, and have the property of being both attracted and repelled by water. Liposomal formulation includes the process that forms those bubbles, as well the encapsulation and delivery of the drugs contained within.
First appearing during the 1960s, the importance of these tiny vesicular structures that enclose water-soluble molecules soon became apparent. Researchers and pharmacists became aware of their potential to deliver specific drugs used in the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. The process encourages more accurate targeting of unhealthy cells and avoids problems associated with other types of administration.
The formulations avoid absorption problems and outcomes that are associated with direct IV or oral administration. Conventional systems of delivery can produce difficulty in accurately managing the consequences of harsh drug therapy, primarily because they concentrate toxicity in healthy organs, often producing a great deal of collateral damage. When the bubble-like liposomes containing medications are used, the release of those drugs is more readily controlled.
Molecules of medication are suspended in water inside these cellular structures, and encased in membranes created both naturally or artificially. They can be designed in ways that make them ideal mechanisms for enveloping hydrophilic drugs, or molecular groups that are attracted to and become easily transported in water. When manufactured using current processes, they form two groups called multilammelar and unilammelar, both of which include subcategories.
The liposomes are made to surround the medications with membranes, and when activated release those molecules into other cells. This can be done by fusing the layers, causing them to interact with adjacent human cells, and releasing medication in the process. Other activation strategies include using specific chemical reactions to encourage molecular diffusion. The end result is a controlled, steady delivery.
This process is not only more effectively managed, but is also bio-compatible with human cells, and leaves no additional toxic residue. Some recently developed types of these capsules can be activated using ultrasound, which increases their efficacy in the locations where they are most needed. Others are dispensed via the respiratory system, and are directly deposited into the lungs and then slowly released, reducing overall toxicity.
It is still comparatively costly to manufacture these microscopic capsules. As practicality increases and research finds new uses and procedures, expenses will probably decrease, but still remain high. As is the case in most newer technologies, there are still many unresolved issues. Some forms of these artificial cells have had problems with wall or membrane leakage, while others have been degraded by oxidation and other natural processes.
Like many medical innovations, liposomes are increasingly being used commercially. They are being called a better way to deliver vitamin, herbal and mineral supplements, and there are popular recipes for the personal creation of dietary supplements. While these uses produce their own controversies, the continued development of better medication delivery systems gives additional hope for advanced treatments.
First appearing during the 1960s, the importance of these tiny vesicular structures that enclose water-soluble molecules soon became apparent. Researchers and pharmacists became aware of their potential to deliver specific drugs used in the treatment of cancer and other serious diseases. The process encourages more accurate targeting of unhealthy cells and avoids problems associated with other types of administration.
The formulations avoid absorption problems and outcomes that are associated with direct IV or oral administration. Conventional systems of delivery can produce difficulty in accurately managing the consequences of harsh drug therapy, primarily because they concentrate toxicity in healthy organs, often producing a great deal of collateral damage. When the bubble-like liposomes containing medications are used, the release of those drugs is more readily controlled.
Molecules of medication are suspended in water inside these cellular structures, and encased in membranes created both naturally or artificially. They can be designed in ways that make them ideal mechanisms for enveloping hydrophilic drugs, or molecular groups that are attracted to and become easily transported in water. When manufactured using current processes, they form two groups called multilammelar and unilammelar, both of which include subcategories.
The liposomes are made to surround the medications with membranes, and when activated release those molecules into other cells. This can be done by fusing the layers, causing them to interact with adjacent human cells, and releasing medication in the process. Other activation strategies include using specific chemical reactions to encourage molecular diffusion. The end result is a controlled, steady delivery.
This process is not only more effectively managed, but is also bio-compatible with human cells, and leaves no additional toxic residue. Some recently developed types of these capsules can be activated using ultrasound, which increases their efficacy in the locations where they are most needed. Others are dispensed via the respiratory system, and are directly deposited into the lungs and then slowly released, reducing overall toxicity.
It is still comparatively costly to manufacture these microscopic capsules. As practicality increases and research finds new uses and procedures, expenses will probably decrease, but still remain high. As is the case in most newer technologies, there are still many unresolved issues. Some forms of these artificial cells have had problems with wall or membrane leakage, while others have been degraded by oxidation and other natural processes.
Like many medical innovations, liposomes are increasingly being used commercially. They are being called a better way to deliver vitamin, herbal and mineral supplements, and there are popular recipes for the personal creation of dietary supplements. While these uses produce their own controversies, the continued development of better medication delivery systems gives additional hope for advanced treatments.
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